Condensed Matter Physics

Below are the three physicists who famous for receiving nobel in 2003, concerning "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids".

Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (Russian: Алексе́й Алексе́евич Абрико́сов) (born June 25, 1928) is a Russian theoretical physicist. Abrikosov was born in Moscow, Russian SFSR, USSR, on June 25, 1928, to a couple of physicians: Prof. Alexei Ivanovich Abrikosov and Dr. Fani Abrikosova, née Wulf. He graduated from Moscow State University in 1948. From 1948 to 1965, he worked at the Institute for Physical Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where he received his Ph.D. in 1951 for the theory of thermal diffusion in plasmas, and then his Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences degree in 1955 for a thesis on quantum electrodynamics at high energies. From 1965 to 1988, he worked at the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics (USSR Academy of Sciences). He has been a professor atMoscow State University since 1965, and served as an academician at the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1987 to 1991. In 1991, he became an academician at the Russian Academy of Sciences.

In 1952, Abrikosov discovered the way in which magnetic flux can penetrate a superconductor. The phenomenon is known as type-II superconductivity, and the accompanying arrangement of magnetic flux lines is called the Abrikosov vortex lattice.

Since 1991, he has been working in the Materials Science Division at Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois on a contract basis. Abrikosov is an Argonne Distinguished Scientist at the Condensed Matter Theory Group in Argonne’s Materials Science Division. His recent research at Argonne National Laboratory has focused on the origins of magnetoresistance, a property of some materials that change their resistance to electrical flow under the influence of a magnetic field.

Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg (Russian: Вита́лий Ла́заревич Ги́нзбург; October 4, 1916 – November 8, 2009) was a Russian theoretical physicist, astrophysicist, Nobel laureate, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and one of the fathers of Soviet hydrogen bomb.^[1][2] He was the successor to Igor Tamm as head of the Department of Theoretical Physics of the Academy's physics institute (FIAN), and an outspoken atheist.

He was born to a Jewish family in Moscow in 1916, and graduated from the Physics Faculty of Moscow State University in 1938. He defended his candidate's (Ph.D.) dissertation in 1940, and his doctor's dissertation in 1942. He worked at the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow from 1940. Among his achievements are a partially phenomenological theory of superconductivity, the Ginzburg-Landau theory, developed with Landau in 1950; the theory of electromagnetic wave propagation in plasmas (for example, in theionosphere); and a theory of the origin of cosmic radiation. He is also known to biologists as being part of the group of scientists that helped bring down the reign of the politically connected anti-Mendelian agronomist Trofim Lysenko, thus allowing modern genetic scienceto return to the USSR.

Ginzburg was the editor-in-chief of the scientific journal Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. He also headed the Academic Department of Physics and Astrophysics Problems, which Ginzburg founded at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1968.

Sir Anthony James Leggett, KBE, FRS (born 26 March 1938, Camberwell, London, UK), aka Tony Leggett, has been aProfessor of Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign since 1983.^[1]

Professor Leggett is widely recognized as a world leader in the theory of low-temperature physics, and his pioneering work onsuperfluidity was recognized by the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics.^[2] He has shaped the theoretical understanding of normal and superfluid helium liquids and strongly coupled superfluids^[3]. He set directions for research in the quantum physics of macroscopicdissipative systems and use of condensed systems to test the foundations of quantum mechanics^[4]. He has been particularly interested in the possibility of using special condensed-matter systems, such as Josephson devices, to test the validity of the extrapolation of the quantum formalism to the macroscopic level; this interest has led to a considerable amount of technical work on the application of quantum mechanics to collective variables and in particular on ways of incorporating dissipation into the calculations. He is also interested in the theory of superfluid liquid 3He, especially under extreme non-equilibrium conditions, in high-temperature superconductivity, and in the newly realized system of Bose-condensed atomic gases.

Spontaneous Broken Symmetry

The three photos of physicists above is the ones that receive nobel in 2008 " for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics".

One of the physicist, named Yoichiro Nambu (南部 陽一郎 Nambu Yōichirō), below is his profile....

Nambu was born in Tokyo, Japan in 1921. After graduating from the then Fukui Secondary High School in Fukui City, he enrolled in theTokyo Imperial University and studied physics. He received his B.S. in 1942 and D.Sc. in 1952. In 1949 he was appointed to associate professor at the Osaka City University and promoted to professorship next year at the age of 29.

In 1952 he was invited by the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey to study. He moved to the University of Chicago in 1954 and was promoted to professor in 1958. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1970.

He is famous for having proposed the "color charge" of quantum chromodynamics, for having done early work on spontaneous symmetry breaking in particle physics, and for having discovered that the dual resonance model could be explained as a quantum mechanical theory of strings. He is accounted as one of the founders of string theory.

After more than 50 years as a professor, he is now its Henry Pratt Judson Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus at its Department of Physics and Enrico Fermi Institute.

The Nambu-Goto action in string theory is named after Nambu and Tetsuo Goto. Also, massless bosons arising in field theories with spontaneous symmetry breaking are sometimes referred to as Nambu-Goldstone bosons.

One of his friend that also got the honour to receive the nobel is Makoto Kobayashi.

Makoto Kobayashi (小林 誠 Kobayashi Makoto) born April 7, 1944 in Nagoya, Japan. After completing his PhD at Nagoya University in 1972, Kobayashi worked as a research associate on particle physics at Kyoto University. Together, with his colleague Toshihide Maskawa, he worked on explaining CP-violation within the Standard Model of particle physics. Kobayashi and Maskawa's theory required that there were at least three generations of quarks, a prediction that was confirmed experimentally four years later by the discovery of the bottom quark.

Kobayashi and Maskawa's article, "CP Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction", published in 1973, is the fourth most cited high energy physics paper of all time as of 2008. The Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix, which defines the mixing parameters between quarks was the result of this work. Kobayashi and Maskawa were jointly awarded half of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work, with the other half going to Yoichiro Nambu.

The third work partner is Toshihide Maskawa (or Masukawa) (益川 敏英 Masukawa Toshihide).

Born February 7, 1940 in Nagoya, Japan. A native of Aichi Prefecture, Maskawa graduated from Nagoya University in 1962 and received a Ph.D in particle physics from the same university in 1967. At Kyoto University in the early 1970's, he collaborated with Makoto Kobayashi on explaining broken symmetry (theCP violation) within the Standard Model of particle physics. Maskawa and Kobayashi's theory required that there be at least three familiesof quarks, a prediction that was confirmed experimentally four years later by the discovery of the bottom quark.

Maskawa was Director of the Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics from 1997 to 2003. He is now professor emeritus of Kyoto University and professor of Kyoto Sangyo University.

This is the third and the last of our "hand-made" Flash...

In this one, it shows how the circular of the electricity.

It pictured one of simple scientific experiment that you may have done.

The electricity current runs from the battery through the cable

when it passes the light, the light went on.

By the way if you want to see the movements of all the three flash

you have to click it first!!

Enjoy!!

Our team second "hand-made" flash project.

It's still about magnetism & electricity.

This flash picture if the same poles face each other

it'll attract each other and stick to each other.

The flash picture may not show it very well

but in the last time the two poles will stick to each other.